Caryophyllales

Caryophyllales {{{latin_name}}}	{{{common_names}}}
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	[[{{{domain}}}]] > [[{{{superregnum}}}]] > Plantae > [[{{{subregnum}}}]] > [[{{{superdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{superphylum}}}]] > Magnoliophyta > [[{{{phylum}}}]] > [[{{{subdivisio}}}]] > [[{{{subphylum}}}]] > [[{{{infraphylum}}}]] > [[{{{microphylum}}}]] > [[{{{nanophylum}}}]] > [[{{{superclassis}}}]] > Magnoliopsida > [[{{{subclassis}}}]] > [[{{{infraclassis}}}]] > [[{{{superordo}}}]] > Caryophyllales > [[{{{subordo}}}]] > [[{{{infraordo}}}]] > [[{{{superfamilia}}}]] > [[{{{familia}}}]] > [[{{{subfamilia}}}]] > [[{{{supertribus}}}]] > [[{{{tribus}}}]] > [[{{{subtribus}}}]] > [[{{{genus}}}]] {{{subgenus}}} {{{sectio}}} {{{series}}} {{{species}}} {{{subspecies}}} var. {{{cultivar}}}

Caryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, beets/chard/buckwheat/rhubarb, ice plants, tamarisks and most carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

Description

The Caryophyllales includes about 6% of dicot species. This order is part of the core eudicots. Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 33 families, 692 genera and 11,155 species. The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations.

Circumscription

As with all taxa, the circumscription of the Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include most carnivorous plants.

Although the monophyly of the order has been strongly supported, their placement is still uncertain. Systematists are undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade. Caryophyllales is separated into 2 sub-orders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae. These two sub-orders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, the Polygonales and Caryophyllales.

APG II

As circumscribed by the APG II system (2003), this order includes well-known plants like cacti, carnations, spinach, beet, rhubarb, sundews, venus fly traps, and bougainvillea. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported clades within the Caryophyllales.

• order Caryophyllales

• family Achatocarpaceae
• family Aizoaceae
• family Amaranthaceae
  

  

  Pupalia lappacea Forest Burr from family Amaranthaceae
• family Ancistrocladaceae
• family Asteropeiaceae
• family Barbeuiaceae
• family Basellaceae
• family Cactaceae
• family Caryophyllaceae
• family Didiereaceae
• family Dioncophyllaceae
• family Droseraceae
• family Drosophyllaceae
• family Frankeniaceae
• family Gisekiaceae
• family Halophytaceae
• family Molluginaceae
  

  

  Glinus oppositifolius from family Molluginaceae
• family Nepenthaceae
• family Nyctaginaceae
• family Physenaceae
• family Phytolaccaceae
• family Plumbaginaceae
• family Polygonaceae
• family Portulacaceae
• family Rhabdodendraceae
• family Sarcobataceae
• family Simmondsiaceae
• family Stegnospermataceae
• family Tamaricaceae

APG

Carnegiea gigantea

Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae

This represents a slight change from the APG system, of 1998

• order Caryophyllales

  family Achatocarpaceae

  family Aizoaceae

  family Amaranthaceae

  family Ancistrocladaceae

  family Asteropeiaceae

  family Basellaceae

  family Cactaceae

  family Caryophyllaceae

  family Didiereaceae

  family Dioncophyllaceae

  family Droseraceae

  family Drosophyllaceae

  family Frankeniaceae

  family Molluginaceae

  family Nepenthaceae

  family Nyctaginaceae

  family Physenaceae

  family Phytolaccaceae

  family Plumbaginaceae

  family Polygonaceae

  family Portulacaceae

  family Rhabdodendraceae

  family Sarcobataceae

  family Simmondsiaceae

  family Stegnospermataceae

  family Tamaricaceae

Cronquist

Chenopodium album

The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:

• order Caryophyllales

  family Achatocarpaceae

  family Aizoaceae

  family Amaranthaceae

  family Basellaceae

  family Cactaceae

  family Caryophyllaceae

  family Chenopodiaceae

  family Didiereaceae

  family Nyctaginaceae

  family Phytolaccaceae

  family Portulacaceae

  family Molluginaceae

The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order". The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae sensu Cronquist.

A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.

New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order Nepenthales.

Earlier circumscriptions

Earlier systems, such as the Wettstein system, last edition in 1935, and the Engler system, updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name Centrospermae.

References

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllales