Cape Gooseberry
| Physalis peruviana {{{latin_name}}}
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Cape Gooseberry, Goldenberry, Husk Cherry, Peruvian Ground Cherry, Poha
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| Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture |
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Physalis peruviana, Linn. (P. edudis, Sims). Cape GooseBerry. Fig. 2935. As compared with P. pubescens, this is a much stronger grower, the plant standing partially erect and attaining a height of 1 1/2-3 ft.: lvs. thicker, less regularly toothed, more pointed, heart- shaped at the base, and very pubescent or fuzzy: fls. larger (1/2-5/8in. long), open-bell-shaped, the limb or border widely spreading and light yellow, the interior of throat blotched and veined with 5 purple spots, the anthers blue-purple: husk thicker and larger than in the last, somewhat hairy, and has a much longer point. Tropics. This species is too late for the northern states. The berry is yellow, not glutinous, and much like that of P. pubescens in appearance, but it seems to be less sweet than of that species. This plant has been cult, for two centuries, probably. It was described and figured by Morison in 1715 in England. In 1725, Feuillee gave a description of its cult, in Peru, saying that it was then cult, with care and was greatly esteemed as a preserve. The particular form of the species cult, in our gardens is that described and figured by Suns in 1807 as Physalis edulis, the "edible physalis." Sims' account says that "this plant is a native of Peru and Chili, but is cult, at the Cape of Good Hope, in some parts of the E. Indies, and more especially at the English settlement of New S. Wales, at which latter place it is known by the name of Cape gooseberry, and is the chief fr. the colonists at present possess; is eaten raw; or made into pies, puddings or preserves."
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Origin: The cape gooseberry is native to Brazil but long ago became naturalized in the highlands of Peru and Chile and became identified with the region. It was being grown in England in 1774 and was cultivated by early settlers at the Cape of Good Hope before 1807. Soon after introduction to the Cape the plant was carried to Australia where it quickly spread into the wild. Seeds were taken to Hawaii before 1825 and the plant is naturalized on all the islands at medium and somewhat higher altitudes. Only in fairly recent times has the fruit received any attention in the continental U.S.
Adaptation: The cape gooseberry is an annual in at temperate regions and a perennial in the tropics. In the Andean regions of South America it grows wild between 2,500 and 10,000 ft. The wild range in Hawaii is 1,000 to 8,000 ft. The plants are frost tender and are killed at temperatures of about 30° F. In much of California the cape gooseberry is best grown as an annual, but will persist for several years in frost-free areas of southern California. Some California growers have grown seedling materials under glass during the fall and winter and set out in early spring to gain the advantage of the longest possible growing season.The plants are easily grown in pots and adapt well to greenhouse culture.
Growth Habit: The cape gooseberries is a soft-wooded, perennial, somewhat vining plant usually reaching 2 to 3 ft. in height. Under good conditions it can reach 6 ft. but will need support. The purplish, spreading branches are ribbed and covered with fine hairs.
Foliage: The heart-shaped, nearly opposite leaves are 2-1/2 to 6 inches long. They are slightly velvety when compared with the narrower and smoother leaves of the tomatillo.
Flowers: Bell-shaped, nodding flowers form in the leaf axils. They are yellow in color with dark purple-brown spots in the throat, and cupped by a purplish-green, hairy calyx. Fruit buds are produced after 12 to 13 stem internodes are formed.
Fruit: After the flower falls, the calyx expands, forming a straw-colored husk much larger than the fruit enclosed, which take 70 to 80 days to mature. The fruit is a berry with smooth, waxy, orange-yellow skin and juicy pulp containing numerous very small yellowish seeds. As the fruits ripen, they begin to drop to the ground, but will continue to mature and change from green to the golden-yellow of the mature fruit. The unripe fruit is said to be poisonous to some people. Cape gooseberries are self-pollinated but pollination is enhanced by a gentle shaking of the flowering stems or giving the plants a light spraying with water.
Cultivation
Location: The plant likes a sunny, frost-free location, sheltered from strong winds. It does well planted next to a south-facing wall or in a patio.
Soil: The cape gooseberry will grow in any well drained soil but does best on sandy to gravelly loam. Very good crops are obtained on rather poor sandy ground.
Irrigation: The plant needs consistent watering to set a good fruit crop, but can't take "wet feet". Where drainage is a problem, the plantings should be on a gentle slope or the rows should be mounded. Irrigation can be cut back when the fruits are maturing. The plants become dormant during drought.
Fertilization: The cape gooseberry seems to thrive on neglect. Even moderate fertilizer tends to encourage excessive vegetative growth and to depress flowering. High yields are attained with little or no fertilizer.
Pruning: Very little pruning is needed unless the plant is being trained to a trellis. Pinching back of the growing shoots will induce more compact and shorter plants.
Frost Protection: In areas where frost may be a problem, providing the plant with some overhead protection or planting them next to a wall or a building may be sufficient protection. Individual plants are small enough to be fairly easily covered during cold snaps by placing plastic sheeting, etc. over a frame around them. Plastic row covers will also provide some frost protection for larger plantings. Potted specimens can be moved to a frost-secure area.
Harvest: The fruit is harvested when it falls to the ground, but not all fallen fruits may be in the same stage of maturity and must be held until they ripen. It may take some experience to tell when the calyx-enclosed fruits are fully ripe. Properly matured and prepared fruits will keep for several months.
The ripe fruit can be eaten out of hand or used in a number of other ways. The unique flavor of the fresh fruit makes it an interesting ingredient in salads and cooked dishes. Cape gooseberries cooked with apples or ginger make a very distinctive dessert. The fruits are also an attractive sweet when dipped in chocolate or other glazes or pricked and rolled in sugar. The high pectin content makes cape gooseberry a good preserve and jam product that can be used as a dessert topping. The fruit also dries into tasty "raisins".
Propagation
The plant is widely grown from seed. There are 5,000 to 8,000 seeds per ounce, which are sometimes mixed with pulverized soil or ashes for uniform sowing. High humidity is required for good germination. The plants can also be propagated from 1 year old stem cuttings treated with a rooting hormone. Plants grown this way flower early and yield well but are less vigorous than seedlings.
Pests and diseases
Cape gooseberries are bothered by several diseases, including Alternaria spp. and powdery mildew. The plants are also prone to root rots and viruses when grown on poorly drained soil. A host of insect pests also attack the plants, namely cut worm, stem borer (Heliotis suflixa), leaf borer (Epiatrix spp.), fruit moth (Phthorimaea), Colorado potato beetle, flea beetle and striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittata). Greenhouse grown plants are attacked by white fly and aphids. The stored fruit can be adversely affected by Penicillium and Botrytis molds.
Cultivars
- Giallo Grosso - The large golden fruit is eaten raw or preserved after ripening. In areas with mild winters the plant will last for several years.
- Giant - Large, golden-orange fruit, approximately 1 inch in diameter with a delicious flavor. Vigorous, spreading plants grow 3 to 5 feet tall. Requires a long growing season.
- Giant Poha Berry - Fruit is approximately 1 inch. The leaves are fuzzy, green-grey and different from other Physalis. Plant grows from 1 to 2-1/2 feet tall.
- Golden Berry - Fruits average 1 inch in diameter, with some reaching 2 inches. Pulp is very flavorful and sweet. Deseeded fruit juice similar in color and intensity of taste to orange juice. Dried fruits are used in fruit cakes in place of raisins. Said to be resistant to light frosts which have caused tomatoes and other Physalis species and cultivars to die. In cooler climates, it takes 1-1/2 years from seed to bear well.
- Golden Berry, Long Aston - Original Long Ashton selection of Golden Berry. Rich golden fruit, said to be superior to other types.
Other cultivars mentioned in various sources include Dixon, Garrison's Pineapple Flavor, New Zealand, Peace and Yellow Improved.
Gallery
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Gooseberry flower
photo 2
photo 3
References
- http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/cape-gooseberry.html
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
- Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia: a Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990. p. 207.
- Johns, Leslie and Violet Stevenson, Fruit for the Home and Garden. Angus and Robertson, 1985. pp. 80-83.
- Morton, Julia F. Fruits of Warm Climates. Creative Resources Systems, Inc. 1987. pp. 431-434.
- National Research Council. Lost Crops of the Incas. National Academy Press. 1989. pp. 241-251.
External links
- w:Cape Gooseberry. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Cape Gooseberry QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
